Searching And Resources Example

Searching And Resources Example Searching And Resources – Book Report/Review Example Search for and Downloading Resources Jenny Janca Walden July 18, Part Brief Analysis of Article This article assists on the definition of strategic risk management (â€Å"SRM†) and its relationship with Enterprise Risk Management (â€Å"ERM†). It also discusses the critical steps in implementing SRM practices within an organization as well as a brief assessment of ERM and the importance of developing practices within an organization. Part 2This article discusses Strategic Risk Management (â€Å"SRM†) and its relationship with Enterprise Risk Management (â€Å"ERM†). The authors, Mark Frigo and Richard Anderson are both experts in the strategic risk management area. Mark Frigo is the director of the Center for Strategy, Execution and Valuation and the Strategic Risk Management Lab in Kellstadt Graduate School of Business and Ledger. Richard Anderson is a Clinical Professor at the Center for Strategy, Execution and Valuation and the Strategic Risk Management Lab at DePaul University. This article explains the dependencies between SRM and ERM and provides solid research along with additional readings for someone wanting to learn more about the two methodologies. The article is well organized and provides excellent examples of how SRM is a more detailed task that needs to be performed as part of an ERM organization. The article clearly lays out the relationship between the two methods and lays out key steps and principles in developing SRM in an organization. In conclusion, I found this article to be very insightful. It provides detail information about the differences between SRM and ERM. It also clearly lays out that in order for SRM to be successfully implemented in an organization, a well laid out ERM needs to be in place and supported by management. It provides the necessary resources to know how the authors arrived with their suggestions. The additional resources were also helpful in trying to gain more knowledge in the field of risk management. Part 3 In â€Å"What is Strategic Risk Management,† Mark L. Frigo and Richard J. Anderson explain the differences between Strategic Risk Management (â€Å"SRM†) and its relationship with Enterprise Risk Management (â€Å"ERM†). According to the authors, SRM is the detail and task-oriented process for identifying risks that can impede an organizations strategic objective (Frigo, M.L. and Anderson, R.J., April 2011). ERM is the over-riding process the organization goes through to identify and achieve strategic risk management. The article states that in order to be successful implementing SRM, an organization must have in place a supported ERM infrastructure, whereby executive management supports and understands the value. The main reason being is that organizations need to be able to understand and be able to justify the over-riding costs that come with the implementation of SRM. In the current economic climate, it is crucial that value of an ini tiative to an organization is communicated by actual monetary savings. Research has shown that less than one-half of companies have invested in risk management (Beasley, M.S. and Frigo, M.L., May 2008). In addition, the article uses relevant and recent research from other authors, to conclude that SRM is an immature process in many organizations. This is due to the limited budget and funding that is available in the current economic climate. Research shows that SRM is often cut in budget decision-making. For this reason, the authors lay out clear steps and principles for achieving SRM in the organization. The first step identified is to understand the maturity of the organization. Is the organization ready to accept and move forward with a process for reviewing and identifying its risk environment? In addition, the organization must be ready to incorporate this strategic risk assessment, evaluation, and monitoring as part of its overall day-to-day operations (Frigo, M.L. and Anderso n, R.J., 2011). ReferencesBurkholder, G.J. (2010). Tips for Effective Online Composition and Communication. Retrieved from Walden University Online Classroom: http://sylvan.live.ecollege.comFrigo, Mark L; Anderson, Richard J. (Apr. 2011). Strategic Management. Retrieved July 18, 2011 from Walden University Online Library.Watkins, R., Anderson, Richard J. (2011). Embracing Enterprise Risk Management: Practical Approaches for Getting Started, COSO.

10+ Tools and Resources to Write the Perfect Resume

10+ Tools and Resources to Write the Perfect Resume 10+ Tools and Resources to Write the Perfect Resume 10+ Tools and Resources to Write the Perfect Resume By Ali Hale If you read my post of resume tips a few weeks ago, you’ll already be familiar with best practice for writing a great resume. While there’s nothing wrong with hand-crafting your resume in Microsoft Word (or your word processor of choice), there are plenty of online tools that can save you lots of time by formatting your resume in seconds. Plus, if you’re still struggling with exactly what to put on your resume in the first place – there’s lots of great advice out there. Before we get into the list of great tools and resources, there are a couple of crucial things to keep in mind: Whatever tools you use, employers will expect a resume that conforms to a standard format. There are some nifty tools out there that let you create a resume that looks like, say, an infographic: unless you’re very certain that’ll go down well with your potential employer, stick to something a little more conventional. Tools can be hugely helpful but they can only do so much. If there are major issues with your resume (like a huge unexplained gap in your work history, or a total mismatch between your listed skills and what an employer wants), you’ll want to fix those problems before trying to format your resume beautifully. With those caveats out of the way, here’s the list: Online Advice and Support on Creating Your Resume #1: â€Å"Resume† Category (free), Ask a Manager I love the blog â€Å"Ask a Manager† by Allison Green (though be warned, it’s an easy place to spend a little too much time reading about other people’s weirdly dysfunctional workplaces). There’s a whole category of advice about â€Å"Resumes†, which is well worth a read. (Allison Green is a manager who’s been extensively involved in hiring and really knows her stuff. You can submit your own questions to her, if you have a resume query that hasn’t already been covered on the blog.) #2: Resume Samples (free), Resume Genius If you’re writing a resume for the first time – or after a long time away from employment – then you might feel quite unclear on how a resume should even look. Going through some resume samples can be really helpful, because it gives you a good feel for what potential employers will expect. There are plenty of sites out there offering sample resumes, but Resume Genius is a particularly easy-to-use one, with samples categorised by industry, and with related samples like cover letters, plus additional tips. You can click to download a sample as a Microsoft Word document without having to sign up or put in your email address. Tip: Don’t assume that the wording or layout of a sample is perfect (or that it’s perfect for the role you have in mind): it won’t necessarily be appropriate to copy a particular phrase that a sample resume or cover letter uses, for instance. In any case, you should be very careful about using wording from any sample unless it’s something very standard (like â€Å"I am interested in applying† or â€Å"Thank you for your consideration†), unless you have express permission – otherwise, copying the sample is plagiarism. #3: CV Tips: this is what a recruiter can see after 30 seconds with your resume (free), The Independent This is a single article, but one I wanted to link to because it provides a very honest and valuable perspective from the other side of the fence. It’s easy to end up agonising over things on your resume that don’t really matter – or giving too much importance to areas that employers simply aren’t that interested in (like your educational history). Tip: Although published by a UK newspaper, the author of the piece (Ambra Benjamin) is American, so the advice here applies fairly well on either side of the Atlantic. #4: 43 Resume Tips That Will Help You Get Hired (free), The Muse This is another single article, but one that’s packed with practical tips and lots of links to further information, from the big picture (focusing on recent, relevant jobs) to the little details (avoiding using the same words repeatedly). Note that the article is aimed at US readers, so if you’re in a different country, you may find that some of the advice doesn’t necessarily apply – and even if you are in the US, don’t feel that you have to follow every single point slavishly. Give this a skim-read when you’re first putting together your resume; you can then go through it point by point as you edit and polish your resume, following the links to further information if there’s a particular area where you need extra help or want more details. Tip: There’s some particularly good advice towards the end of the article about saving and sending your resume – do make sure that it displays correctly once emailed (you can send it to yourself and check it on another computer), and make sure you include your name in the file name, not just â€Å"Resume† or â€Å"CV†. #5: 103 Resume Writing Tips, Resume Genius This piece, like the one from The Muse, collects together lots of practical tips – with links to further help when needed. It’s a little different, though, in that it’s a collection of common mistakes – things that the team at Rescue Genius see on a daily basis when reviewing people’s resumes (like â€Å"forgot to use action verbs† or, worryingly, â€Å"misspelled own name†). Some of the mistakes might seem like obvious ones to avoid, but others are ones you might never have thought about before – like â€Å"weak bullet points displayed before strong ones† and â€Å"not bringing multiple copies of it to interview†. Tip: The article is US-focused, but a lot of these tips will apply wherever you are in the world.   There might be cases where standard practice in your own country is different, though – so do seek local advice as well, and ignore the tips/mistakes that don’t apply to you. Tools to Create Your Resume #6: Canva Resume Builder (free) Canva offers a wide range of design tools and resources, and it has a great resume building tool. You start by writing your name and then you will be able to pick the style you are looking for. For example, you can go with corporate style, acting resume, high school, creative professional and so on. The next step is to pick the templates you like from a list of available ones. Finally, you will be able to input your resume information and to edit any design aspects you want. Overall the process is very simple and will produce a professional looking resume in a very short time. #7: Google Docs templates (free), various creators If you want a straightforward way to create a resume, why not use Google Docs’s templates? Click on the link above to go straight to the â€Å"Template gallery†, then click â€Å"General† to view them. You should see a whole series of different templates: scroll down to get to the resumes. Click your chosen template to load it up, then simply fill in the details. Keep in mind that once you’ve chosen a template to edit, you can’t switch your text to a different template – so you might want to try a few before you settle on one. Tip: Most of the resume templates have a corresponding â€Å"letter† template that uses the same colours and fonts. You might want to use this for your cover letter (if you’re not simply including the cover letter in the body of an email). #7: Kickresume (free/paid), Kickresume SRO Kickresume is a free and straightforward site that lets you create a standard resume, providing templates for both resumes and cover letters (plus websites). It’s simple to use, though you will need to create an account (or you can login via Google, Facebook or LinkedIn). To save time, you can import your LinkedIn profile, by downloading a .zip file from LinkedIn and uploading it to Kickresume – full instructions are provided. You can change the template you’re using at any time, without losing any of the text you’ve uploaded or inputted. There are only three basic, free templates though – if you want to use the â€Å"pro† options, you’ll need to upgrade to the paid plan ($15/month or $48/year). Tip: Some of the resume templates include space to put a photograph of yourself. This isn’t standard practice in the US or UK for resumes, so if you’re in those countries, you may want to choose a template that only has text content. #9: Enhancv (paid, has free trial) Enhancv is a complete platform for those looking to create a modern and effective resume. After signing up you will be prompted to choose one of the many existing templates. you will then be able to edit all the sections with your personal information and experience. One interesting feature the platform offers are the automated suggestions to improve the wording of specific parts of your resume. This is a paid product, but it comes with a free 7-day trial. On top of that the website offers a wide range of resources and articles you can use to improve your resume without paying anything. #10: CV Maker (free, paid), CV Maker CV maker offers several basic templates for creating a resume. You fill in your information in a form, and you can then switch between different templates if you want to. While it’s possible to create your resume without logging in, you’ll need to create an account if you want to save your CV and edit it in the future. It’s free to create an account, and you’ll get full access to the basic templates and to the save/download features. The premium level (which gives you lots of advanced options) only costs $16/year, too – so you might decide it’s worth upgrading. Tip: CV Maker’s site is available in a wide range of different languages: if English isn’t your native language, you can easily change this from the drop-down menu at the top of the site or the list in the footer. #11: Standard Resume (free, paid), Minimum Works Standard Resume has a very straightforward LinkedIn import – you can bring in all your information from LinkedIn, then edit or add anything you need to. As with Kickresume and CV Maker, the basic templates are free; you can pay for a premium account ($5/month or $20/year) to tailor your resume further. Unlike some other sites, Standard Resume keeps the templates simple and straightforward: you won’t find profile photos or odd infographic elements here. If you’re applying to a fairly traditional industry, or if you just want to keep things as simple as possible, that could make Standard Resume a great option for you. Tip: The pro level also lets you see when your resumes have been viewed and/or downloaded, which you might find useful. #12: Slick Write (free), RussTek LLC In Top 10 Online Tools to Help You Write the Perfect Essay, I covered the popular spelling and grammar checking tools Grammarly and Hemingway. Slick Write is similar: you can paste in a passage of writing (or use a Chrome or Firefox extension) and it will automatically flag up potential problems. You could use it on your cover letter or any emails you need to send, as well as on your resume. While I don’t think any tool can replace careful proofreading – and ideally, a second pair of eyes on your resume – Slick Write can help you to edit your work. It’s completely free, so well worth a try. (It is, however, funded by ads, which you may find slightly intrusive or annoying.) Tip: As with any grammar checker, don’t feel that you have to follow every single recommendation. You might decide that your phrasing is fine as it is! Whatever tools you use to help, writing a resume can be tough. You need to convey, clearly and concisely, exactly why you’ll be a good fit for a particular role – in a standard format that supplies potential employers with all the information they’ll expect. For further help on knowing what to include in your resume, take a look at my article Top 10 Resume Writing Tips for 2018. Best of luck with your job-hunting. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Social vs. SocietalMood vs. Tense

Marijuana- illegal or legal What is best for Hawaii Research Paper

Marijuana- illegal or legal What is best for Hawaii - Research Paper Example It was also commonly used as an intoxicant in this period. However, a campaign by the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, portraying it as an addictive and powerful substance that acted as a gateway drug led to its illegalization. It became a symbol of authority rebellion for hippies and college students in the 60s. Along with LSD and heroin, marijuana was classified as a schedule 1 drug in 1970 through the Controlled Substances Act, which classed it as possessing high potential; for abuse with no accepted use in medicine. The Bush and Reagan â€Å"zero tolerance† era saw the passage of strict regulations and sentences for marijuana possession and increased surveillance of cross-border smuggling (Joffe & Yancy 637). This brought a shift to reliance on domestic marijuana cultivation in California and Hawaii. However, expanded crackdowns saw another shift towards indoor growing; leading to a decade of falling marijuana use. However, its use saw a revival in the 90s, which l eveled off in the 2000s. Where We Are Today In Hawaii With Marijuana? On 8th March, 2011, the state senate passed five bills related to marijuana. Senate Bill 58 increased marijuana amounts that an individual could carry to allow them carry 5 ounces or grow 10 plants at any given time (Cooper & Daws 276). The bill was also meant to protect the confidentiality of patients and address issues concerning marijuana transport. Bill 113, in turn, provided for a marijuana research program of three years, which would be conducted in Hawaii involving local marijuana users and qualified researchers. Bill 175, should it be passed into law, would see a shift in authority of marijuana laws to the Health Department from the Public Safety Department. Bill 1458 aims to create three class levels for licensing purposes: the first is â€Å"compassion centers that will be responsible for the dispensation of marijuana, the second for cultivation centers, and the third for the sale of infused marijuana ( Cooper & Daws 279). One of the most essential steps towards marijuana legalization is Bill 1460, which seeks to decriminalize any amount of marijuana that is less than one ounce. The bill also proposes that requirements that currently call for reporting of students in possession of marijuana be cancelled if they are caught in possession of less than an ounce of marijuana (Cooper & Daws 280). The five bills in the Senate are widely supported with two among them seeing unanimous approval with the other three facing a maximum of two no votes. These bills are expected to continue towards House approval. According to a number of senators, the economic conditions, money spent on arrests, drastic debts in the state, and the proven effects of medical marijuana make it high time to learn from the decriminalization in Colorado. In addition, if law enforcement and state government should put their efforts towards proper taxation, rather than prosecuting and prohibiting distributors, growers, a nd users so as to provide revenue that is required to improve the debt in the state (Cooper & Daws 281). The recent support given by senate is a sign that this is agreed on by a majority of the senators. Marijuana as a Legal Drug Uses of Marijuana There are various methods of marijuana administration, such as smoking of dried buds, vaporizing, taking capsules, and eating or drinking extracts

Financial Decision Making and Risk Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Decision Making and Risk - Coursework Example The new assembly cell will require three call programmer/operators who will be recruited at a salary of  £20,000 per year each. The cell robots are expected to last for 5 years, after which they can be sold off for an estimated price of  £1,000 each. Your company’s cost of capital is currently 10%. As the Financial Director of your company, you are required to submit a detailed report to the Managing Director and your fellow Board members evaluating the proposed investment, fully justifying any recommendation you will make and identifying any potential problem areas and offering potential solutions. â€Å"Investment appraisal is the process of assessing potential investment projects to see which ones are most viable (and profitable) for the firm.† (Samuels et al, 2000). This report is aimed at understanding whether investing in the automated assembly cell will be beneficial for the company. To analyze the benefits of the investment a number of different calculations including the payback period and sensitivity analysis have been made. These have been included in the next few sections along with the investment decisions based on the calculations. Payback period is one of the simplest methods of investment appraisal. This method is generally beneficial for short-term projects and for projects where the returns are fixed and accurate. The most beneficial feature of this method is that it takes into account the liquidity of the project, which is useful for businesses to understand and concentrate on the cash flows of the company. Also, this is a very simple method comparatively (Samuels et al, 2000). Net Present Value (NPV) is the most commonly used method and it utilizes the discounted cash flows to compute the returns from an investment. In this method, initially, all the future cash flows that will be generated by the project are discounted to present value.  

Individualism vs. Societal Norm and Acceptance Essay Example for Free

Individualism vs. Societal Norm and Acceptance Essay In the community of Salem, Massachusetts of 1692, their community is set as a theocratic society, where the church and the state come as one. Moral laws and state laws are also combined as one. Everyone is expected to live up to the established social norms. Any individual within the Puritan community whose private lives doesn’t conform to the moral laws established by the government is represented as a threat to the community and to the rule of God and true religion. In Salem, everything and everyone belongs to either God or the devil, anything that is unlawful is considered a devil’s work. Everyone in this community is expected to meet the expectations of the society, every little thing they do will be held against them. John Proctor is an example of an individualist in this society. John Proctor was unfaithful to his wife, Elizabeth Proctor, when he had committed an affair with a younger female, Abigail Williams. Committing adultery and telling lies are some examples of sinning in the Puritan community. John Proctor is breaking from the mores, beliefs and ethical codes of the Puritan community because not only does he commit adultery, but he also hides it from the community. His actions were the main cause of false accusation of witchcraft in this society. Eventually, when he realizes everyone else’s life is at risk because of him, he confesses. John proctor chose to hide his adultery because he was afraid of his reputation being ruined and having his life put at risk because he went going against the Puritan law. Another way John Proctor breaks away from the united societal norm of the Puritans is going against the court. The court is in high power in this society. At first, he lies to the court, admitting to witchcraft to save his own life, but when John proctor realizes it is wrong and a sin to the religion to tell a lie, he goes against his false confession to witchcraft. He caused contempt at court while trying to prove everyone’s innocence, but it did not go so well. John Proctor went against the Puritan law because he does not want to dishonor the innocent prisoners and he will not be able to live with himself knowing that other innocents died while he committed sins and the innocents were paying for it. The following quote said by John Proctor in Act IV, clearly shows contempt at court in the Puritans’ way of life:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!† At the end, John Proctor was hung. He was hung for his mistakes, and died without lies to his name. In a theocratic society, where the church and state comes as one, every little thing you do is held against you in the long run. Individuals in the Puritan community whose lives did not meet moral laws were considered a â€Å"witch.† In Salem, everything and everyone belongs to either God or the devil, anything that is unlawful is considered a devil’s work.

The Alien and Seditions Act :: American America History

The Alien and Seditions Act The debate over the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 revealed bitter controversies on a number of issues that had been developing since the penning of the Constitution. The writers of the document knew that over time the needs of the nation and its people would change, and therefore provided for its amendment. But by not expressly delegating powers to specific organizations, whether the federal government, state governments, or the people themselves, they inadvertently created a major problem in the years to follow. The two parties, Federalists and Republicans interpreted the Constitution in terms of how this interpretation would fit their very different interests. The result of these differences were the Alien and Sedition Acts, followed closely by the secretly formed Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Passed in early 1798, the Acts laid down a number of harsh restrictions on foreigners. They were enacted by a Congress dominated by the Federalist Party and signed by President John Adams during a crisis with France. Though the acts were allegedly in response to the hostile actions of the French Revolutionary government on the seas and in the councils of diplomacy, they were designed to destroy Thomas Jefferson's Republican party, which had openly expressed its sympathies for the French Revolutionaries. Depending on recent immigrants from Europe for much of their voting strength, the Republicans were adversely affected by the Naturalization Act. It postponed citizenship, and thus voting privileges until the completion of 14, rather than 5, years of residence. It also empowered the president to arrest and deport aliens considered dangerous. The Alien Enemies Act provided for the deportation of subjects of foreign powers at war with the United States. The Sedition Act made it illegal to publish certain statements against the government, oppose lawful acts of the Congress of the United States and aid a foreign power in plotting against the United States; all considered seditious acts; hence the name of the law. The contents of the Alien Act were either ignored or welcomed by most Americans. It was accepted that people from foreign countries were enemies of the nation and, as their leaders had taught them, impressed upon then undemocratic principles. There was also a sense of isolation. most Americans had difficulty believing themselves to be even a part of the United States; most never left the states in which they lived and considered themselves more Virginians or Alabamians than Americans.

Research Paper On Gun Control

There is a old saying that guns dont kill people, people kill people. This Is a known saying that comes out all the time when this conversation pops up. The media portrays gun control in a positive light, they believe that this is something that would work: believe that gun control will never work and giving people guns to protect themselves and taking guns from people the public judges or deems unfit is a terrible Idea.It Is unsafe, and also endangering people's lives and Is unfair, plus It Is oing against the second amendment which many have died to protect. The Article (â€Å"We Need More Gun control, whether You Know It or Not†) Is an pro-gun article that explains how most americans think you need a background check and go through all these test to be able to buy a gun, â€Å"but such laws don't exist†. First thing that concerns me with this article Is the how he acquired the stats and comments he obtained.Most of them are only from a small group consensus and was n ot open up to the public to thus meaning that it is only one sided and not taking an opinion from thers sides ot this topic. The second bit ot information that was about this article was that he has no ethos and have no real credited sources of his information. An picture I found on the web from (â€Å"accessories. com†) was an perfect example for gun rights. This pictures describes that George Bush is saying â€Å"Free People Ought To Be Armed†.This picture basically saying that George Bush a person that fought for the rights of people Is saying that they should be dble to keep their guns. I Agree with statement the government now is trying to take away guns from people and give uns to untrained people who would hurt themselves and kill someone on accident â€Å"Ilke a kid with a gun†. On the website (â€Å"Twitter. com†) there is an anti-gun control picture. This picture is saying that a man named Joe Salazar Is being claimed an Idlot because he states that college women should not have guns because women fearing rape may â€Å"pop a round at someone†.I agree with this statement. Having untrained women and some men carrying weapons will endanger people around them, the said so person, and his/her self. This is a terrible compromise to having people protected and putting in pro gun ontrol laws which end up benefiting no one In the end of It all. â€Å"l guess Dy nature, I'm a oestructlve one Ana trutn De told, tne saTety was never on. So warning bells should have rung when I was trained wrong. For you knew I was the trigger happy and sought.I'm thinking ‘goodbye' would have been for the best Instead. But now I found you dead, with my bullets in your chest. † A tragedy like this could be avoided if people where to realize that gun control is a terrible idea for the peoples safety and needs to be thinked over. Yes, there will be death cause by insane eople Just unloading rounds into people but thats not a guns fau lt is it the persons who is pulling the trigger that needs to be blamed.

Drug Abuse within University Students in Ottawa Essay

The term drug abuse refers to any use of any drug for something else a part from its planned medical or psychiatric purpose. The use of such drugs may involve using prescription drugs for wrong purposes or using illicit drugs. For instance, research has shown that in Ottawa many university students take drugs not for the intended medical use but mainly to get high. Most students from Ottawa who abuse the drugs in most cases obtain the drugs illegally from unlawful sources. This puts their lives in danger as they engage in dangerous methods of use of drugs that swerve from the accepted medical practice or scientific knowledge and they take drugs for reasons that they are not meant for (Weibe, 1994). The Ottawa integrated drugs and addictions strategy community network have been holding several meetings in an attempt to identify the issues related to prevention, treatment, harm reduction and enforcement among the Ottawa university students engaging in substance abuse. In this regard, the community network is therefore preparing to consult the public on related issues. The consultation from the public by the community can only be done conveniently through research, studies and surveys. Thesis statement The abuse of drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, heroin and other illicit drugs has been on the rise among university students in Ottawa. Several attempts have been made by different groups including the Ottawa integrated drugs and addictions strategy community network to come up with preventive measures and health promotion strategies but the drug abuse by these students is still on the rise. The current studies however have raised more concern on the female student abusers since in the recent past, less attention has been given to them and this as a result has exposed them to excessive abuse of these drugs and therefore facing severe suffering as compared to their male counterparts who are abusing the same drugs (Single, Robson, Xie & Rehm, 1996). Research questions Some of the questions prepared for the phenomenological research included; do the university students in Ottawa use or abuse drugs? If they do abuse the drugs then what are the most commonly abused substances among the students? What percentage of female student’s abuse drugs in relation to the percentage of the male students who abuse the same drugs? Is there any difference in the level of consumption between the genders? What effects do the student abusers suffer from the consumption of these drugs? Do the drug abusers suffer the same effects? Interviewing For our interview we are not going to inquire about the name of the student being interviewed but we are rather going to refer to the students as student one up to student six respectively. Our interview questions are going to be based on the research questions mentioned above. This being a phenomenological research whatever is reported in this paper is going to be exactly as it appeared to the observer during the research (Rocheleau, 1995). Student one Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student one: the of drugs use by university students in Ottawa is growing at a very high rate and therefore fits to be referred to as drug abuse since in most case are used for purposes other than the intended ones, for instance most students take drugs to get high. Researcher: what are the most commonly abused drugs by the university students within Ottawa? Student one: the most commonly used drugs are cocaine, marijuana and at times heroin and many others. Researcher: how would you approximate the number of female students abusing drugs relative to the number of male students in percentage? Student one: it is a fact that the number of male students abusing the drugs is higher than that of the female students abusing drugs and it can be approximated to about 50% of the female population and 70% of the male population. Researcher: what effects do the drug abusers suffer after consuming the drugs? Student one: most students suffer depressive disorders and mood disorders. Student two Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student two: actually the drug consumption by university students in Ottawa only fits to be described as drug abuse. Researcher: Why do you think the description best fits ‘abuse’? Student two: the use of drugs has become too much and also the drugs used by students are addictive and not meant improve health. Researcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa used most? Student two: the drugs commonly used are cocaine and marijuana but others like heroin and alcohol are also used. Researcher: which group is most affected by the addiction habits, is it the male students or the female students? Student two: the male students seem to be more affected than the female students since they seem to consume in large numbers compared to the female students. Researcher: what effects do they suffer after consuming the drugs? Student two: the effects mostly suffered include mood disorders and depressive disorders. Researcher: do both the female and the male students suffer the same effects? Student two: other than the already mentioned disorders, female students do suffer a lot of stigma and confrontation from their family members and friends unlike male students who do not experience the same (Pauline, 1997). Student three Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student three: the drugs that are consumed and as they are consumed by university students within Ottawa are definitely abuse. Researcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa use most? Student three: the drugs commonly used are cocaine, marijuana, heroin and alcohol. Researcher: how would you approximate the number of female students abusing drugs relative to the number of male students in percentage? Student three: the number of female students using the drugs is usually lower than that of the male students abusing the drugs so according to my approximation it is 48% for female and 65% for male. Researcher: what are the effects of drug abuse by the students? Student three: students who abuse the drugs in most cases seem depressed and out of mood and usually fail to perform normally. Researcher: which group do you think is most affected by the drugs? Student three: the female students seem to be more affected since they tend to suffer more long term effects than male students. Student four Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student four: the drugs as consumed by the students are more abuse that use. Researcher: why do you say so? Student four: the rate, the purpose and the frequency of drug consumption by university students cannot be termed as usage. Researcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa use most? Student four: the drugs commonly consumed are marijuana, cocaine, alcohol, heroin among others. Researcher: how would you approximate the number of female students abusing drugs relative to the number of male students in percentage? Student four: the percentage of male students consuming drugs is usually higher than that of the female students consuming drugs. Researcher: what are the effects of drug abuse by the students? Student four: the effects of drugs includes stigma which is mostly suffered by female students, others effects are mood disorders and depression. Student five Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student five: the rate and quantity at which drugs are consumed is said to be abused. Researcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa use most? Student five: the drugs commonly used include cocaine and alcohol. Researcher: how would you approximate the number of female students abusing drugs relative to the number of male students in percentage? Student five: the number of female students consuming the drugs when compared to the male students is 45% to 65 %. Researcher: what are the effects of drug abuse by the students? Student five: the effects are hangover, failing to perform properly, dizziness and depression. Researcher: which group do you think is most affected by the drugs? Student five: those who abuse the drugs suffer the same effects. Student six Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student six: the students do abuse the drugs. Researcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa use most? Student six: mostly they consume cocaine and at times alcohol, marijuana, heroin and many others. Researcher: how would you approximate the number of female students abusing drugs relative to the number of male students in percentage? Student six: the percentage for male students abusing drugs is higher than those of female abusing drugs. Researcher: what are the effects of drug abuse by the students? Student six: drug abuse causes depression, malfunctioning, mood disorders and many others. Purpose of the study The main objective of the study on drug abuse by university students in Ottawa was to find out if the students do use or abuse the drugs, to establish the motivations behind the consumption of these drugs, to clarify the rate of drug abuse by university students in Ottawa, to identify the drugs mainly abused by university students in Ottawa, to verify the relationship between the female students consumption and male students consumption, to identify how the abuse of these drugs affect the lives of the students, to identify some of the measures that can be taken to prevent drug abuse by the students and to treat the already affected students (Pauline, 1997). Delimitations of the study The main advantage enjoyed during the study was that it was easy to find and interview different students on the issue of drug abuse among them since the study was conducted during school session when all students were in their respective learning institutions therefore it involved less cost around looking for students to interview. In addition, enough private rooms for interviews were provided where students felt free to share their ideas on the topic of discussion. Limitations Even though the students were available, most of them proved so unreliable. This is because most of the students were not ready to be interviewed. Those who were ready for the interview however tended to give inadequate information since most of them did not want to disclose full information regarding their drug use status as they considered it something private and therefore wanted to preserve it. In addition, most students who were given capsules to treat their drug abuse related disorders were not willing to take them, which resulted, to a lot of wastage. Consequently, it was not easy to get urine samples for test from drug abusers since most of them could not allow it. (El-Guebaly & Hodgins,1992). Research strategies Having a topic of study, the phenomenological research strategy involved, first developing the topic. â€Å"In case, it is a drug abuse among university students in Ottawa, What effects does the use illicit drugs such as cocaine, marijuana and many others have on the health of students? † needed to be asked before proceeding with the research. The next step involved finding the background information on drug abuse by university students in Ottawa. This was done by looking for the key words of the topic from encyclopedias with the subject. From the encyclopedia, several articles were read which set the context for the research. Additional background information was found from textbooks and other reserved materials, which involved research, conducted on the same topic by different researchers in different years. It also involved finding out for how long this has been going on and what has been done to prevent it (Ogborne, Braun & Schmidt, 1996). The research further involved finding books and articles to find out what other researchers who conducted their study on the same topic found out. It was from here that a comparison was made to find out if the statistics on the drug abuse by university students in Ottawa has changed. The past studies were of great significance since different ideas on what should be done to prevent the practice were suggested without having to repeat the measures that had been implemented and which did not work. In concluding the research, different sources of information were evaluated and cited in relation to how comprehensive the information got from them were. Role of the researcher The main role of the researcher in this study was to interview different students to be able to verify their opinions and perception of the use of illicit drugs within or outside their learning institutions. The researcher was also to find out the major motivations behind the students’ drug abuse behavior and the effects they suffer after consuming the drugs. In addition, the researcher was to administer some drug abuse disorder related capsules to find out how effective they could be in reducing drug samples in blood. Furthermore, the researcher was to carry out some random tests on some of the drug abusers to find out the drug that is most commonly abused by university students in Ottawa (Weibe, 1994). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness During the study, it was not easy to convince the students to reveal information regarding their drug abuse behaviors. This was because the students were more concerned about preserving their privacy, which they were not willing to make known to the institution authorities, their parents and even friends. It was therefore upon the researchers to explore different strategies to convince the students that whatever they were going to discuss was to remain a secret between the student and the interviewer. This was done by ensuring that the involved only two people i. e. the researcher and the student in a private room where no any other party could steal the topic of discussion (Christensen, Jacobson, 1997). Literature review The phenomenological research on drug abuse by university students in Ottawa found out that the drugs possibly abused by these students are mainly prescription drugs. Such drugs are usually opiate based for pain relief, tranquilizers, stimulants and amphetamines. Others also include sedatives and barbiturates. The study however found out that the most seriously abused drugs by the students of Ottawa University are cocaine and marijuana. Most students who abuse drugs such as the barbiturates were found to do so with the intention of getting rid of anxiety and sleep disorders. On the other hand, the abusers of tranquillizers consume them with an intention of reducing stress and panic attacks. Studies on drug abuse by students since 1970s has shown that male students consume more drugs than their female counterparts. The frequency of drug usage was also found to be high in males than in females. For example, a study conducted on Ottawa University students on drug abuse confirmed that about 74% of male students compared to 53% of female students consumed more than one to two standard drinks in the previous year (Corbett, 1994). Very recent studies on drug abuse among university students however showed that there was a smaller gender difference in levels of drug consumption. A recent survey of Ottawa university students showed that 83. 3% of female students and 84. 9% of male students had abused drugs in the past one year. Most Ottawa university male and female students are assumed to consume drugs moderately. Nevertheless, a clear gender difference is confirmed from self-reported by the students of excessive drug consumption. The excessive consumption especially alcohol consumption is defined by four or more drinks by female students on a single occasion and five or more drinks by male students on a single occasion. The rate for harmful consumption for female students is however higher than that of male students. Almost a half of the total female students (42%) who had engaged in drug abuse were reported to have had harmful abuse as compared to 46. 3% of all the male students who had abused drug that year reported to have had harmful abuse (Ogborne, Braun & Schmidt 1996). Harmful consumption of drugs as was identified included those who felt in the wrong after consuming the drug, those who could not remember anything after taking the drug, those who suffered drug abuse related injuries and those whom after consumption of the drugs suggested reduction in drug abuse among students (El-Guebaly, 1990). Other than those who suffered harmful abuse, there are those who were found to be dependent abusers. Dependent abusers involved approximately 28. 6% of female students and 30. 5% of male students. It was noted that the dependent abusers could not stop using the drugs, could not perform expected activities after the consumption of drugs or needed some morning consumption of the drugs. The table below shows the percentage of university students by sex who were reported past year for harmful and dependent drinking. Sex Harmful drinking Dependent drinking Female 42% 28. 6% Male 46. 3% 30. 5% On further survey, 56 percent of all the female abusers were found to be taking at least five drinks on a single occasion in the course of the year. On the other hand, 26. 1% were found to be taking at least eight drinks on one occasion during the same period. In addition to the above surveys, a research conducted indicated that 30. 4% of male students were reported to have taken alcohol beyond the low risk guidelines for alcohol consumption as compared to 15. 2% of the female students (Ogborne, Smart& Rush 1998). According to the research, in a situation where the harm got from drug abuse is as a result of substance abuse, there occurs very small gender difference quoted by male and female students. For instance a study conducted in 2004 confirmed that 6. 9% of female students and 9. 1% of male students reported that there occurred at least harm in their lives during the past year as a result of their drug consumption and 30. 4% of female and 30. 7% of male students reported harm as a result of another person’s consumption(Corbett, 1994) In 1994 a survey recent reports showed an increasing drug abuse for illicit drugs such as cocaine, heroin and others by male and female students. Generally, male students were found to be on the front line when it comes to reporting the use of illicit drugs as compared to their female counterparts. Nevertheless, the most recent reports point to an increasing self-reports by both female and male students in the use of cannabis although a significant gender difference remains. On alcohol and other drugs abuse, 10% of male students and 5% of female students were reported to be abusers of cannabis while a same study conducted in 2004 indicated an increment to 18% for male students and 10% for female students. In addition, the same study in the 2004 indicated that 7. 35% of female students and 14. 1% of male students were abusers of cocaine. The study conducted in Ottawa University provided enough evidence that the difference in gender in relation to illicit substance use is getting smaller. Alarm on this situation has attracted international attention especially from Australia, united sates and other European Union countries. In the year 2004, 15. 8% of female students and 18. 1% male students reported harms from their own cannabis consumption. Research has shown that approximately 25% to about 33% of all students using injection drugs in Ottawa University are female students. This has been identified as a major factor for HIV infection in female students. It has been noted that of the entire positive tests of HIV in women from the year 1985 to 2002, between 33% and 48% have been as a result of injection drug use. Reports from the study revealed that there is consumption of the ketom plant leaves by university students in Ottawa as a drug because the leaves of ketom plants contain hallucinogens, which are as intoxicating as marijuana. The increased abuse of drugs in university colleges is blamed on the difficulties in enforcing laws in such institutions, which speeds up the spread of such drugs. (Corbett, 1994). A further research showed that many drug users do suffer mood disorders. For instance among those abusing cocaine, the most commonly detected disorders are depressive disorders. The analysis revealed that the association between mood disorders and drug abuse among the abusers is usually very complicated. Most drug abusers do build up depression that comes as a result of physical and psychological endurance connected with the use of drugs. The study showed that most students who suffered mood disorders after abusing cocaine became drug dependent after making attempts of self-medication. Initially it was not easy to handle the conditions of students who were suffering from both mood disorders and drug abuse but it became possible after a research revealed that a treatment on mood disorders alone could have a positive effect on drug abuse (Boyd, Millard & Webster 1985). A research that was conducted on students involved urine test whereby unsystematic weekly examinations indicated a significant high use of cocaine as compared to marijuana by different students. Most of the students who tested positive for drug abuse however, were found to have come from families with a history of substance abuse, which in most situations reached, back to several generations. All students from such families had started abusing the drugs long before enrolling in the institution. All students who participated in the study and who happened to be drug abusers were given packets of capsules which they were to take two times each day during the four week study. For most of the students, the capsules included lithium prescription that had shown its effectiveness in treating adult bipolar patients. Bipolar disorder in most students was found to have been caused by substance abuse disorder including the use of marijuana, alcohol, cocaine and other multiple drugs. During the study, a number of students were also treated as outpatients and given weekly therapy sessions in addition. In the course of the study, blood vessels of lithium were tested at least twice every week to ensure that the participants were taking the capsules given to them. Samples of urine were also taken on a similar basis to scrutinize the use of drug (Christensen & . Jacobson, 1997). The percentage of the students taking the lithium capsules, the drug positive samples changed from 38% to approximately 8% indicating a significant reduction. Four random tests were conducted during the study and the urine samples that were tested revealed the students self reports. They were definitely a noteworthy reduction in the use of drug. In addition to reduction in drug use, the students receiving lithium capsules progressed in the symptoms of bipolar disorder. The improvement was mainly noted in their ability to function properly in school activities as compared to how they could function before the study. Chronically drug dependent students who were suffering from primary and secondary depression were recognized in the course of the study and treated. Most students who experienced a drop in depressive symptoms and those who noted improvements confessed that they had noted a reduction in their crave and use of drugs mainly cocaine and marijuana. The research that was conducted indicated that there has been almost forty years of trying to prevent drug abuse among university students in Ottawa. This has been done by conducting youth counseling especially to those who have developed drug addiction. In addition to youth counseling a treatment centre for youth who are suffering from drug abuse related disorders have been opened to help treat the youth. In an evaluation of the best measures to put forward in trying to find treatment to substance abuse in Canada, a study showed that female students do suffer a lot of stigma in connection with their substance abuse problem as compared to the male students. In addition, the research has established that the female students do suffer much confrontation from their families and friends and most negative consequences in treatment center (El-Guebaly, 1990). The female students do suffer the negative consequences in treatment centers as a result of problems from family members, neglect by friends, lack of finances to cater for the treatment bill and other unfavorable effects related to the well-being of females. It has been demonstrated in different researches that advertising of drugs has a very strong influence on the way university students in Ottawa perceive some of these drugs and can therefore be a source of motivators to these students to engage in their consumption. Furthermore, female students as compared to male students experience sexual abuse and physical abuse, which in most cases have a strong relationship with substance abuse. Research has demonstrated that female students who had at one time in their lives suffered sexual assault in most cases do use or misuse drugs at early ages and in most cases, they use them in large quantities (El-Guebaly & Hodgins, 1992). For According to the research conducted, the effect of abusing drugs and especially the illicit drugs such as cocaine and marijuana have been found to diverge among female students and also between female and male students depending on the drugs that are on hand for use. The effects of the drugs however do depend on the type of drug consumed, how regular the abuser use the drug, the amount of drug consumed and the general health condition of the person consuming the drug (Smart, 1983). Example a review on the effect between male and female students established that female students are affected very much differently from male students with rapture. The analysis of the study showed that female students with rapture unlike male students do experience more severe sensitive changes and difficulties in making decision. In addition, the female students suffer more long lasting effects such as mood swings, depression, paranoia and anxiety than their male counterparts who engage in the consumption of similar drugs. Consequently, the death rate from substance abuse among university students in Ottawa seems to be high for female students as compared to that of the male students. Findings From the study on the causes of drug abuse by university students in Ottawa its has been found that there is inadequate education and prevention measures that look into the needs of different individuals and especially university students over their life span. It has been pointed out that there is an immense distinction between what is said and what is done as far as prevention of drug abuse among university students in Ottawa is concerned. According to the planners, prevention measures should be long term and lasting, however most prevention measures put across are always short term due to poor funding. In addition to this, there is lack of treatment centers for people suffering from drug related disorders thus causing long waiting lists for university students (El-Guebaly, 1990). The study has also revealed that advertisements of different drugs and lack of implementation of policies regarding drug abuse in the universities in Ottawa are some of the major motivators behind the students’ drug abusing behavior. The drugs found to be more accessible as a result and therefore most commonly abused by the students were the cocaine and marijuana. The findings from the research have also indicated that the female students are the major sufferers from drug abuse and addiction even though the male students seem to consume drugs at higher rate and more frequently than the female students. The death rate from drug abuse of female students has also been found to high as compared to that of male students. Conclusion Despite the fact that drug abuse among university students in Ottawa is still high, research has proved that most of the students involved in the practice are willing to drop the idea and promote their health status when appropriate measures are put in place. It is therefore upon the authorities concerned to take necessary actions to ensure that students are provided with enough information and resources to help them overcome the drug addiction (Ogborne, Smart $ Rush 1998). Significance of the study The study conducted on Ottawa university students has proved to be of great significance since several suggestions on how this problem can be solved have been suggested. The study was also of significance since different students were given an opportunity to express their feelings as far as drug abuse among university students is concerned and from that, it was realized that most students are willing and are ready to abandon the practice. In addition, most students were able to receive different tests on their blood and urine samples to verify the extent of drug level in their blood. Finally, most students were given capsules, which proved to be very effective in treating, and reducing drug abuse related disorders in their blood. Lessons learned From the studies and researches conducted it was clear that until recently very little attention was paid to female abusing drugs as compared to the attention given to male abusers both within the society and within the learning institutions. This is because female’s substance abuse has never been as high as that of male up to the recent past. Nevertheless, we are currently seeing some matching in the levels of drug consumption among female and males. The studies have also revealed that in making efforts to promote drug abuse prevention measures and health of the drug addicts in learning institutions, professionals, addiction system planners and public policy makers have not given any attention to motivations for use of drugs by students and the speeding up consequences of use of drugs by female students in colleges (Boyd & Webster 1985). Future direction From the lessons learnt from the study it was recommended that instead of exploring a system, that involves drug abuse prevention, programs for health promotion that includes males and females, the planners and the programmers should attend to differing needs of different students in relation to their gender, and other problems related to drug abuse. The high rates of heavy drug abuse by female students raised a lot of concern and recommendations such as low risk drinking guidelines for female students were made which required every female student involved in drug abuse to take at most three drinks in a single occasion or less than three in other circumstances depending on the type of drug being used. A further recommendation suggested that male students should limit their drinking to a maximum of fourteen drinks per week and the female students should limit their drinking to a maximum of nine drinks per week. (Abrams, et. al 1993). References Abrams & D. B. et. al. (1993). Integrating Individual and Public Health Perspectives for Treatment Of Tobacco Dependence under Managed Health Care: A Combined Stepped Care and Matching Model. Tobacco Control 2 (supplementary) Boyd, N. , Millard, C. J. & Webster, C. D. (1985). Heroin Treatment in British Columbia. 1976-1984. Thesis, Antithesis and Synthesis? Canadian Journal of Criminology 27(2), Christensen, A. , Jacobson, N. S. (1997). HIV, AIDS and Injection Drug Use: A National Action Plan. Ottawa. 5(1, Jan) Corbett, G. (1994). Addiction Education and Training: Bringing the Field Together. Report of the Ontario Addictions Coordinating Group’s Education and Training Working Group. Ontario Ministry of Health, Toronto. El-Guebaly, N. (1990). Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders: The Dual Diagnoses Concept. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry El-Guebaly, N. , Hodgins & DC (1992). Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse: Prevalence Issues. Can

Theoritical Foundation of a T Beck’s Ct and A. Ellis Rebt The WritePass Journal

Theoritical Foundation of a T Beck’s Ct and A. Ellis Rebt Introduction Theoritical Foundation of a T Beck’s Ct and A. Ellis Rebt Introduction  ReferencesRelated Introduction This essay is going to compare and contrast the theoretical foundations of A.T.Beck’s Cognitive therapy (CT) and A.Ellis’s Rational Emotional Behavioral Therapy (REBT). The first is going to bring out and emphasize on the similarities, the second paragraphs is going to focus on the differences in their theories that makes them pioneers in their own field, Paragraph four is going to talk and argue the strength and limitations of CT and paragraph five will argue the strength and weaknesses of REBT theories and the sixth paragraph will summarize the essay as a whole. Both theories (CT and REBT) share some common characteristics. They both believe in cognition which stresses on our thoughts and beliefs, emphasising on how our feelings are not caused directly by a situation or event, but by the meaning we attach to the situation. They both focus on treatment planning and case conceptualization, CT is formulation driven and REBT disputes irrational beliefs. Both theories believe that peoples thoughts, beliefs and interpretations about themselves is the notion they will have in their life event (Westbrook D. et al 2007, p.3), i.e. what we think and do affect how we feel. Becks CT and Ellis’s REBT both deals more on here and now than the past, for they prefer to tackle problems directly by focusing on those factors that are presently accommodating the problem and then changing the whole process (Westbrook D. et al ,2007, p.5.), rather than digging into the past that has no significant effect on the present issue.   They are both goal focussed , REBT is aimed at re-educating client so their life philosophy is rational. While CT focuses on how thinking and behaviour play an important role in people’s emotional difficulties. The theories both have structured agendas and set homework (Westbrook et al) and (Collins, need to know). Despite all this similarities, their base (origin) is different, which has brought some differences in their theories. The most important difference between A T Becks CT and A Ellis’s REBT is that CT is empirically based (science) psychotherapy. It believes that it is not a particular situation or event that directly causes problems, but the meaning we attach to the situation, while REBT is philosophically based (Padesky C A 2005) which focuses on negative thoughts. This difference in them has brought about division in the initial therapies that were formally in existence. Becks therapy centres on automatic thoughts and how dysfunctional a belief can be by teaching clients the skills that will enable them to caution their belief (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.215). Beck uses Socratic methods and collaborative (guided discovery) to help client ascertain and test their own belief by experiment and personal observation, While Ellis based his theory on Irrationality focusing on negative thoughts and helps client to separate functional from dysfunctional thoughts (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.218). Ellis uses ABC model (A=activating event /what you are aware of, B=belief/ negative thought about the situation and C=consequences/emotional reaction), which indicates that an events or situation you are aware of, triggers to set off a negative belief about a situation and leads to consequence (emotional reaction). REBT approach stressed actively working to change a client’s self-defeating beliefs and behaviour by demonstrating their irrationality, self-defeatism and r igidity. Ellis believed that through rational analysis and cognitive reconstruction, people could understand their self defeatingness in light of their core irrational beliefs and then develop more rational construct. Ellis uses varieties of methods which seems to be more effective to change underlying assumptions (â€Å"should and musts†) by directly going against what he calls Irrational believes (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.217) by engaging in row with the client. Beck has been consistent with scientific (empirical) findings regarding particular problems and focusing on thought consistency. Ellis’s REBT theory leads to more empirical investigation in individual clients than CT theory probably does. CT has different models for specific problems and disorders such as Depression (Beck et al, 1979), Social Anxiety (Clark and Wells, 1995) and Low self-esteem (Fennel, 1998). It focuses on whatever levels of thought are needed to alleviate problem, while REBT challenges factual statements and inferences more than should. Having looked at the similarities and differences between CT and REBT, It will be ideal to also look at their individual strengths and limitations. CT has become the most popular and most validated form of CBT. It is widely known and largely in use worldwide and it has in recent decade spread more rapidly than REBT (Padesky Beck, 2003, p211) due to lack of extensive research on REBT.   Beck’s CT has scientifically certified treatment and made diagnosis on so many problems including Anxiety and Depression which are very common problems that require counselling. CT is ethical and evidence based, in the sense that it builds confidence in the end users on how effective the treatment they are going to get is going to be (Westbrook et al, 2007, p6). CT is collaborative by discouraging dependence on counsellors by allowing  Ã‚   clients to be experts on their own problems while the therapist, guide the client to re-discover themselves by working as a team with each party standin g as an expert in its own field. But with REBT, the therapist is an expert all the way in the client’s problem. Ellis’s REBT also has some strengths and limitations attached to it. REBT emphasizes basic understanding of thinking processes and learned skills to reduce relapse more, probably, than does CT (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.216). REBT stresses the direct disputation of believes, especially when irrational beliefs are shown to client and disputed by the therapist, clients are shown other cognitive, experiential, and behavioural way of discovering and disputing them. REBT shows the client that â€Å"must should† is likely lying behind their word when the client belief cannot be formulated in their own words (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.16). But REBT falls in the danger of imposing its own philosophy on client, it doesn’t emphasize emotions much and focuses too much on thought and also fails to explain why one clings on to their beliefs.   References Padesky, C.A., Beck, A.T. (2003), Science and philosophy: Comparison of Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy. Journal of cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(3), 211-224. Ellis, A. (2005). Discussion of â€Å"Science and philosophy: Comparison of cognitive therapy and rational Emotive Behaviour therapy†. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(2), 181-185. Padesky, C.A., Beck, A.T. (2005). Response to Ellis’s discussion of â€Å"Science and Philosophy: Comparison of Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy†. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(2), 187-189. Westbrook D; Kennerley H; and Kirk J. Introduction to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Collins; need to know? Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, 2008. McLeod J, An introduction to counselling, third edition. Adams R; Dominelli L and Payne M, Social Work- Themes, Issues and critical debates.

Definition and Examples of Paralinguistics

Definition and Examples of Paralinguistics Up to 90 percent of communication is nonverbal. Getting ones message across is made easier through voice inflection, facial expression and body gestures. Paralinguistics is the study of these vocal (and sometimes non-vocal) signals beyond the basic verbal message or speech, also known as vocalics. Paralinguistics, Shirley Weitz explains sets great store on how something is said, not on what is said. What It Is Paralanguage  includes accent, pitch, volume, speech rate, modulation,  and fluency. Some researchers also include  certain non-vocal  phenomena  under the heading of paralanguage:  facial expressions, eye movements,  hand gestures, and the like. The boundaries of paralanguage, says Peter Matthews, are (unavoidably) imprecise. Although paralinguistics was once described as the neglected stepchild in language studies, linguists  and other researchers  have recently demonstrated greater interest in the field.  Ã‚   The rise in recent decades of non-face-to-face communication through email, text messaging, and social media led to the use of emoticons as a substitute for paralanguage. Etymology From Greek and Latin, beside language Cultural Differences Not all cultures interpret these nonverbal cues the same way, which can cause confusion when people of different backgrounds are trying to communicate. In Saudi Arabia, speaking loudly conveys authority and speaking softly conveys submission. Americans, on the other hand, are often perceived as brash for their loudness by Europeans. The Finnish language is spoken more slowly than other European languages, leading to a perception that the Finnish people themselves are slow. Some people have a similar perception of the Southern drawl accent in the United States. Examples and Observations We speak with our vocal organs, but we converse with our entire bodies. ... Paralinguistic phenomena occur alongside spoken language, interact with it, and produce together with it a total system of communication. . . . The study of paralinguistic behavior is part of the study of conversation: the conversational use of spoken language cannot be properly understood unless paralinguistic elements are taken into account.- David Abercrombie Paralinguistics is commonly referred to as that which is left after subtracting the verbal content from speech. The simple cliche, language is what is said, paralanguage is how it is said, can be misleading because frequently how something is said determines the precise meaning of what is said.- Owen Hargie, Christine Saunders, and David Dickson Loudness in Different CulturesA simple example of the adverse effects of paralinguistics is quoted in [Edward T.] Hall concerning the loudness with which one speaks (1976b). In Saudi Arabian cultures, in discussions among equals, the men attain a decibel level that would be considered aggressive, objectionable and obnoxious in the United States. Loudness connotes strength and sincerity among Arabs; a soft tone implies weakness and deviousness. Personal status also modulates voice tone. Lower classes lower their voices. Thus, if a Saudi Arab shows respect to an American he lowers his voice. Americans ask people to talk more loudly by raising their own voices. The Arab then has his status confirmed and thus talks even more quietly. Both are misreading the cues!- Colin Lago Vocal and Nonvocal PhenomenaThe more technical discussion of what is loosely described as tone of voice involves the recognition of a whole set of variations in the features of voice dynamics: loudness, tempo, pitch fluctuation, continuity, etc. . ... It is a matter of everyday observation that a speaker will tend to speak more loudly and at an unusually high pitch when he is excited or angry (or, in certain situations, when he is merely simulating anger and thus, for whatever purpose, deliberately communicating false information). ... Among the most obvious non-vocal phenomena classifiable as paralinguistic, and having a modulating, as well as punctuating, function is the nodding of the head (in certain cultures) with or without an accompanying utterance indicative of assent or agreement. ... One general point that has been continually stressed in the literature is that both the vocal and non-vocal phenomena are to a considerable extent learned rather than instinctive and differ fro m language to language (or, perhaps one should say, from culture to culture).- John Lyons Detecting Sarcasm Based on Paralinguistic CuesThere was nothing very interesting in Katherine Rankins study of sarcasm- at least, nothing worth your important time. All she did was use an M.R.I. to find the place in the brain where the ability to detect sarcasm resides. But then, you probably already knew it was in the right  parahippocampal gyrus. ...Dr. Rankin, a neuropsychologist and assistant professor in the Memory and Aging Center at the University of California, San Francisco, used an innovative test developed in 2002, the Awareness of Social Inference Test, or Tasit. It incorporates videotaped examples of exchanges in which a person’s words seem straightforward enough on paper, but are delivered in a sarcastic style so ridiculously obvious to the able-brained that they seem lifted from a sitcom.I was testing people’s ability to detect sarcasm based entirely on paralinguistic cues, the manner of expression, Dr. Rankin said. ...To her surprise, ...  the magnet ic resonance scans revealed that the part of the brain lost among those who failed to perceive sarcasm was not in the left hemisphere of the brain, which specializes in language and social interactions, but in a part of the right hemisphere previously identified as important only to detecting contextual background changes in visual tests.The right parahippocampal gyrus must be involved in detecting more than just  visual context- it perceives social context as well, Dr. Rankin said.- Dan Hurley Sources Khalifa, Elsadig Mohamed, and Faddal, Habib. Impacts of Using Paralanguage on Teaching and Learning English Language to Convey Effective Meaning. Studies in English Language Teaching, 2017. file:///Users/owner/Downloads/934-2124-1-SM.pdfIntra-personal Communication http://faculty.seattlecentral.edu/baron/Spring_courses/ITP165_files/paralinguistics.htmEmoticons and Symbols Arent Ruining Language – Theyre Revolutionizing It, Lauren Collister - https://theconversation.com/emoticons-and-symbols-arent-ruining-language-theyre-revolutionizing-it-38408Weitz, Shirley. Nonverbal Communication. Oxford University Press, 1974, Oxford.  Matthews, Peter. Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2007, Oxford.Abercrombie, David. Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh University Press,1968, Edinburgh.Hargie, Owen; Saunders, Christine and Dickson, David.  Social Skills in Interpersonal Communication, 3rd ed. Routledge, 1994, London.Lago, Colin.  Race, Culture an d Counselling 2nd ed. Open University Press, 2006, Berkshire, England. Lyons, John. Semantics, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 1977, Cambridge.Hurley, Dan. The Science of Sarcasm (Not That You Care). The New York Times, June 3, 2008.

Explain how the Current Justice Model has Replaced the Medical Model Research Paper

Explain how the Current Justice Model has Replaced the Medical Model of Earlier Years Relative to Corrections - Research Paper Example All efforts of the society should be directed to arrest one’s downward march to destruction to be replaced by an upward march making one a worthy individual and citizen. The question is, how do we do this? What sort of circumstances and mind-set pushes an individual onto the track of self and societal destruction? How an individual can free himself from the evil tendencies and negativities? How to lead a criminal to the path of willing acceptance for shaping as a lawful citizen? Normally an intensely shattered personality lies within the prison environment and one’s psyche needs constant care. The society does not easily allow the friendly assimilation of an acquitted or reformed prison inmate. Whether guilty or not guilty, the prison stamp remains forever. One important question incidentally—does the reformation measures bring rich dividends for the jail administration and contribute to the improvement of prison discipline and create a relaxed atmosphere amongst the prison community? How to mitigate the most systematic suppression caused to the spirit and freedom of an individual from the day of capture, and in the course of his encounters with the police, administration and the slow-moving justice system? Moreover, all laws, just because they are the laws of the land, are not faultless aphorisms. A difficult law implemented in a worst manner is the ultimate calamity for the prisoner. Any method, any procedure, must aim to change the criminal thought process of a prisoner. The wise saying goes, when the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed the society is changed. Society created a bad individual and sent him to the prison; the ultimate gift to the society is a reformed individual, who will not revert to criminality again! Harsh punishments can never usher in an era of a crime-free society; dedicated reformation and rehabilitation measures,